Long‐term effects of fertilization on some soil properties under rainfed soybean‐wheat cropping in the Indian Himalayas

This study aims to examine the effects of long‐term fertilization and cropping on some chemical and microbiological properties of the soil in a 32 y old long‐term fertility experiment at Almora (Himalayan region, India) under rainfed soybean‐wheat rotation. Continuous annual application of recommended doses of chemical fertilizer and 10 Mg ha^–1 FYM on fresh‐weight basis (NPK + FYM) to soybean (Glycine max L.) sustained not only higher productivity of soybean and residual wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop, but also resulted in build‐up of total soil organic C (SOC), total soil N, P, and K. Concentration of SOC increased by 40% and 70% in the NPK + FYM–treated plots as compared to NPK (43.1 Mg C ha^–1) and unfertilized control plots (35.5 Mg C ha^–1), respectively. Average annual contribution of C input from soybean was 29% and that from wheat was 24% of the harvestable aboveground biomass yield. Annual gross C input and annual rate of total SOC enrichment from initial soil in the 0–15 cm layer were 4362 and 333 kg C ha^–1, respectively, for the plots under NPK + FYM. It was observed that the soils under the unfertilized control, NK and N + FYM treatments, suffered a net annual loss of 5.1, 5.2, and 15.8 kg P ha^–1, respectively, whereas the soils under NP, NPK, and NPK + FYM had net annual gains of 25.3, 18.8, and 16.4 kg P ha^–1, respectively. There was net negative K balance in all the treatments ranging from 6.9 kg ha^–1 y^–1 in NK to 82.4 kg ha^–1 y^–1 in N + FYM–treated plots. The application of NPK + FYM also recorded the highest levels of soil microbial‐biomass C, soil microbial‐biomass N, populations of viable and culturable soil microbes.     

黄土区土壤CO2释放及其影响因素研究

研究表明黄土区土壤CO2释放具有一定特殊性。从当日清晨至次日晨土壤CO2释放量呈由高至低再变高的规律,其变化趋势大体与温度变化一致,但时间上有一定滞后性。土壤CO2释放量有明显季节变化,夏季日释放量最高,秋季次之,冬季最低。不同覆被土壤CO2释放量存在差异,裸地释放量较高。CO2释放量对土质变化敏感,致密土壤则释放量小。     

水土保持对偏关河径流和泥沙的影响分析

 偏关河流域水土保持面积从1959年的1万1593hm2增加到1996年的5万5338hm2,占流域面积的28.90%。年径流量、常水径流量与年份和各类水土保持措施之间,均呈极显著负相关,年径流量与年降水量、汛期降水量和有效降水量,均呈显著正相关,而常水流量与年降水量、汛期降水量和有效降水量关系很弱;偏关河流域小型蒸发器测定的蒸发量与年份呈显著负相关,但径流和泥沙变化并没有增加,说明水土保持是引起径流量和泥沙量变化的主要原因。洪水径流量、年输沙量和洪水输沙量变化一致,与年降水量、汛期降水量和有效降水量均呈显著正相关,而与水土保持措施面积呈不显著的负相关。     

我国水土保持责任制初探

 通过对我国水土保持责任制的框架与思路(政府、企业、土地使用者的水土保持目标责任制)、落实情况监测与考评体系的建立,以及责任制保障体系完善的初步探讨,为今后水土保持责任制的全面制定和落实提供依据,确保我国水土保持工作的持续、稳定发展。     

典型红壤丘陵区土壤氮素含量及其分布的演变规律

通过对湖南省桃源县典型区域高密度采样分析和历史资料调研,探明了红壤丘陵区不同土地利用类型13年来(19902～2003)土壤氮素含量及其分布的变化:1)典型区域2003年的稻田氮素含量为1.94±0.02.g/kg,比1990年提高4.9%,主要分布区间由1990年的1.25～2.00.g/kg(分布频率为59.1%,下同)上升到2003年的1.50～2.25g/kg(77.1%),曲线图上呈近似正态分布向右偏态分布的演变趋势;2)旱土2003年的氮素含量为1.57±0.14.g/kg,比1990年提高18.0%,1990和2003年主要分布区间都为0.75～1.50.g/kg(58.2%～58.8%),但2003年分布在1.50～2.00.g/kg区间的频率为33.6%,比1990年的高出12.7个百分点,曲线图上由呈现左偏态分布向正态分布的演变趋势;3)以坡地橘园为主的林果地,2003年的氮素含量为1.15±0.02.g/kg,比1990年提高9.5%,两者的主要分布区间虽然均在0.75～1.50.g/kg之间,但2003年在此区间的分布频率为88.0%,比1990年的高出10.2个百分点,其演变趋势与稻田的基本一致;4)整个采样调研区域农业用地的土壤氮素含量,2003年的为1.58±0.03g/kg,比1990年提高3.3%。这表明在当前的施肥方式与经营管理条件下,红壤丘陵区农业用地的土壤氮素含量稳定并有增加的趋势。     

关中平原黑惠灌区土壤重金属污染调查与评价

通过对黑惠灌区猕猴桃生产基地土壤样品的采集、监测,依据国家《土壤环境质量标准》GB15618-1995二级标准作为评价标准,重点分析评价了对人体危害较大的重金属元素镉(Cd)、砷(As)、铬(Cr)、铅(Pb)等项目。分析评价结果表明:黑惠灌区猕猴桃生产基地土壤基本无重金属污染,适宜于猕猴桃的种植。HS07 a、b,HS08 a、b两处土壤样品镉(Cd)超标属轻度污染,主要是人为长期不合理使用化肥农药所致。     

烟气脱硫废弃物在盐碱地土壤改良中的应用研究进展

综述了烟气脱硫废弃物在盐碱地土壤改良中的应用研究,包括烟气脱硫废弃物的来源、性能,脱硫废弃物改良碱性土壤的原理、施用技术和方法,讨论了脱硫废弃物改良盐碱地的作用效果及其对土壤环境和食物安全的影响,并对今后的进一步研究提出了展望。     

黄土丘陵区退耕地生物结皮影响下的土壤腐殖质分异特征

本文对黄土丘陵区退耕地生物结皮影响下的土壤腐殖质分异特征进行了研究。结果表明,①该区生物结皮影响下的土壤腐殖质组分HA、FA和HM含量均有明显的分层特征,土层间均表现出:结皮层0～2cm土层2～5cm土层;不同年限生物结皮土壤腐殖质含量总体表现出:16年8年32年12年,表明退耕地生物结皮影响下的土壤腐殖质含量随时间变化呈非线性变化趋势;HA/FA平均值变化范围为0.34～0.70,低于1,该区生物结皮影响下的土壤腐殖质胡敏酸含量不高,腐殖酸以富啡酸为主;②结皮层土壤腐殖酸E4/E6值随时间变化总体上呈"抛物线"型变化趋势;而0～2cm和2～5cm土层土壤腐殖酸E4/E6值呈缓慢增长的趋势;③腐殖质组分与土壤养分因子的全N、NO3--N、NH4+-N和有效Zn之间存在极显著的线性相关关系(p0.01);④土壤腐殖质组分含量的变化与全N、NO3--N、NH4+-N和有效Zn含量间存在满足二项式的函数回归关系(p0.01),表明生物结皮对土壤C素与N素和有效Zn的影响密切相关。     

Soil‐ and plant‐based nitrogen‐fertilizer recommendations in arable farming

Under‐ as well as overfertilization with nitrogen (N) will result in economic loss for the farmer due to reduced yields and quality of the products. Also from an ecological perspective, it is important that the grower makes the correct decision on how much and when to apply N for a certain crop to minimize impacts on the environment. To aggravate the situation, N is a substance that is present in many compartments in different forms (nitrate, ammonium, organic N, etc.) in the soil‐plant environment and takes part in various processes (e.g., mineralization, immobilization, leaching, denitrification, etc.). Today, many N‐recommendation systems are mainly based on yield expectation. However, yields are not stable from year to year for a given field. Also the processes that determine the N supply from other sources than fertilizer are not predictable at the start of the growing season. Different methodological approaches are reviewed that have been introduced to improve N‐fertilizer recommendations for arable crops. Many soil‐based methods have been developed to measure soil mineral N (SMN) that is available for plants at a given sampling date. Soil sampling at the start of the growing period and analyzing for the amount of NO ‐N (and NH ‐N) is a widespread approach in Europe and North America. Based on data from field calibrations, the SMN pool is filled up with fertilizer N to a recommended amount. Depending on pre‐crop, use of organic manure, or soil characteristics, the recommendation might be modified (±10–50 kg N ha^–1). Another set of soil methods has been established to estimate the amount of N that is mineralized from soil organic matter, plant residues, and/or organic manure. From the huge range of methods proposed so far, simple mild extraction procedures have gained most interest, but introduction into practical recommendation schemes has been rather limited. Plant‐analytical procedures cover the whole range from quantitative laboratory analysis to semiquantitative “quick” tests carried out in the field. The main idea is that the plant itself is the best indicator for the N supply from any source within the growth period. In‐field methods like the nitrate plant sap/petiole test and chlorophyll measurements with hand‐held devices or via remote sensing are regarded as most promising, because with these methods an adequate adjustment of the N‐fertilizer application strategy within the season is feasible. Prerequisite is a fertilization strategy that is based on several N applications and not on a one‐go approach.     

丹江口水库水源区水土保持生态环境建设与发展对策

河南省淅川县是南水北调中线工程渠首所在地。全面地分析了该县水土流失的原因、危害。查找了水土保持工作存在的主要问题 ,并提出了淅川县今后水土保持生态环境建设与发展对策。